Status Kesuburan Berdasarkan Fitoplankton Di Perairan Danau Waren, Tual
Indeks Nygaard, Indeks Palmer, Kelimpahan, Plankton, Status trofik
Abstrak
Danau Waren merupakan perairan lotik di Kota Tual, memiliki peranan penting dalam menjaga keseimbangan ekologi, habitat flora-fauna akuatik, siklus hidrologi dan sebagai area pemijahan serta pertumbuhan ikan. Namun, aktivitas manusia seperti pembuangan limbah domestik dan kegiatan wisata meningkatkan unsur N dan P yang memicu eutrofikasi juga memberikan pengaruh pada memburuknya kualitas air, perubahan komposisi fitoplankton, dan terganggunya rantai makanan. Komposisi dan kelimpahan fitoplankton dapat menggambarkan status trofik perairan (oligotrofik, mesotrofik, dan eutrofik). Oleh karena itu, pemantauan kesuburan perairan melalui analisis fitoplankton dan tingkat pencemaran organik menjadi penting dilakukan untuk menjaga keseimbangan ekosistem dan keberlanjutan ekologi, khususnya bagi sektor perikanan. Pengambilan sampel plankton dilakukan di lima stasiun berbeda sebanyak tiga kali pengamatan dengan periode dua minggu sekali. Sampel plankton yang diperoleh dari plankton net diberikan lugol 2-3 tetes sebagai preservasi, kemudian diamati dibawah mikroskop dengan menggunakan Sedwick-Rafter Counting Cell (SRC). Hasil analisis plankton menjelaskan bahwa Danau Waren memiliki status kesuburan eutrofik (IN = 7,7) dan terindikasi cemaran bahan organik (IP = 15). Ekosistem perairan berada dalam kondisi stabil dan memiliki kemampuan resiliensi baik, dengan tidak adanya dominansi jenis plankton tertentu, yang terdeskripsikan dari indeks keanekaragaman sedang (fitoplankton 1,7096 – 2,3044; zooplankton 0,8587 – 1,6406), indeks keseragaman tinggi (fitoplankton 0,9006 – 0,9610; zooplankton 0,7156 – 1,0194), dan indeks dominansi yang rendah (fitoplankton 0,1070 – 0,2039; zooplankton 0,2093 – 0,4793). Kondisi ini didukung dengan parameter fisika kimia air sesuai baku mutu untuk kehidupan biota air tawar, yaitu suhu (30 – 32oC), pH (8,2 – 8,6), DO (4 – 6,5 mg/L), dan kecerahan (80 – 130 cm).
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Referensi
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APHA. (2012). Standard Methods for The Examination of Water and Waste Water. Second Edition. (2nd ed.).
Aristarkhova, E. A. (2013). Problem of ecological safety of aquatic environment in conditions of anthropogenic eutrophication. Technology Organic and Inorganic Substances, 5(4). https://doi.org/10.15587/2312-8372.2013.18276
Barbour, M. T., Gerritsen, J., Snyder, B. D., & Stribling, J. B. (1999). Rapid Bioassessment Protocols For Use in Streams and Wadeable Rivers: Periphyton, Benthic Macroinvertebrates, and Fish Second Edition (2nd ed.). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Bellinger, E. G., & Sigee, D. C. (2010). Freshwater Algae: Identification and Use as Bioindicators. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Brauer, V. . (2015). Growth and functioning of the microbial plankton community: effects of temperature, nutrients and light.
Buchanan, C. (2020). A Water Quality Binning Method to Infer Phytoplankton Community Structure and Function. Estuaries and Coasts, 43, 661–667. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-020-00714-3.
Desmawati, I., Ameivia, A., & Ardayanti, L. B. (2020). Studi Pendahuluan Kelimpahan Plankton di Perairan Darat Surabaya dan Malang. Journal of Science and Technology, 13(1), 61–66. https://doi.org/10.21107/rekayasa.v13i1.5918
Fujimoto, N., Fukushima, T., Inamori, Y., & Sudo, R. (1995). Analytical Evaluation of Relationship between Dominance of Cyanobacteria and Aquatic Environmental Factors in Japanese Lakes. Journal of Japan Society on Water Environment, 18, 901–908. https://doi.org/10.2965/JSWE.18.901
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Hamuna, B., Tanjung, R., Suwito, S., Maury, H., & Alianto, A. (2018). Kajian kualitas air laut dan indeks pencemaran berdasarkan parameter fisika-kimia di perairan Distrik Depapre, Jayapura. Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan, 16(1), 35–43. https://doi.org/10.14710/jil. 16.135 - 43
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Hinga, K. R. (1992). Co-occurrence of dinoflagellate blooms and high pH in marine enclosures. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 86, 181–187. https://doi.org/10.3354/MEPS086181
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Kopylov, A. I., Lazareva, V. I., Mineeva, N. M., & Zabotkina, E. A. (2020). Planktonic Community of a Large Eutrophic Reservoir during a Period of Anomalously High Water Temperature. Russian Academy of Sciences, 13(3), 339–348. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1995082920030086
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Nõges, T., Anneville, O., Guillard, J., Haberman, J., Järvalt, A., Manca, M., Morabito, G., Rogora, M., Thackeray, S. J., Volta, P., Winfield, I. J., & Nõges, P. (2018). Fisheries impacts on lake ecosystem structure in the context of a changing climate and trophic state. J. Limnol, 77(1), 46–61. https://doi.org/10.4081/jlimnol.2017.1640
Nygaard, G. (1949). Hydrobiological Studies on Some Danish Ponds and Lakes. Part II: The Quotient Hypothesis and Some New or Little Known Phytoplankton Organism. Bianco Lunos Bogtrykkeri.
Odum, P. E. (1993). Dasar-dasar ekologi. Gadjah Mada University Press.
Palmer, C. M. (1969). A Composite Rating of Algae Tolerating Organic Pollution. J. Phycol., 5, 78–82.
Pratiwi, N. T., Hariyadi, S., Ayu, I. P., Iswantari, A., & Amalia, F. J. (2013). Komposisi Fitoplanton dan Status Kesuburan Perairan Danau Lido, Bogor-Jawa Barat Melalui Beberapa Pendekatan. BiologiIndonesia, 9(1), 111–120. https://doi.org/10.14203/JBI.V9I1.152
Prescott, G. W. (1970). The Fresh Water Algae. WMC Brown Company Publisher.
Prihantini, N., Wardhana, W., Hendrayanti, D., Widyawan, A., Ariyani, Y., & Rianto, R. (2008). Biodiversitas Cyanobacteria Dari Beberapa Situ/Danau Di Kawasan Jakarta-Depok-Bogor, Indonesia. Makara Journal of Science, 12(1), 44–54. https://doi.org/10.7454/MSS.V12I1.309
PriyaGopinath, T., & K.G, A. K. (2015). Micro Algal Diversity Of The Fresh Water Lake In Thiruvananthapuram District, Kerala. The International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Sciences.
Rahayu, S. M. (2017). Struktur Komunitas Fitoplankton Di Sungai-Sungai Yang Bermuara Di Teluk Jakarta. IPB.
Reynolds, C. S. (2006). The Ecology of Phytoplankton. Cambridge University Press.
Said, M. D. F. A., Kasim, M., & Salwiyah, S. (2024). Study of phytoplankton as bioindicators of organic matter pollution levels in the estuary of Kendari Bay waters. Jurnal Ilmu Kelautan SPERMONDE, 10(1), 10–17. https://doi.org/10.20956/jiks.v10i1.27330
Sano, M., Makabe, R., Matsuda, R., Kurosawa, N., & Moteki, M. (2022). Effectiveness of Lugol’s iodine solution for long-term preservation of zooplankton samples for molecular analysis. Plankton and Benthos Research, 17(4), 349–357. https://doi.org/10.3800/pbr.17.349
Sinambela, M., Simangunsong, M., & Harahap, A. (2023). Conditions Of Phytoplankton Community Structure InLake Toba Ajibata, Toba Samosir Regency. International Journal of Science and Environment, 3(2), 66–70. https://doi.org/10.51601/ijse.v3i2.68
Smith, V. H., Tilman, G. D., & Nekola, J. C. (1999). Eutrophication: impacts of excess nutrient inputs on freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems. Environmental Pollution, 100(1–3), 179–196.
Sugianti, Y., Anwar, M. R., & Krismono, K. (2015). Karakteristik Komunitas Dan Kelimpahan Fitoplankton Di Danau Talaga, Sulawesi Tengah. Limnotek, 22, 86–95.
Sulastri, C., Henny, S., Nomosatryo, Susanti, E., & Sulawesty, F. (2023). Monitoring planktonic cyanobacteria in Lake Maninjau, West Sumatra, Indonesia. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1260. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1260/1/012018
Tian, W., Zhang, H., Zhao, L., Zhang, F., & Huang, H. (2016). Phytoplankton Diversity Effects on Community Biomass and Stability along Nutrient Gradients in a Eutrophic Lake. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH14010095
Toma, J. J. (2019). Algae as indicator to assess trophic status in Duhok Lake, Kurdistan region of Iraq. Journal of University of Garmian. https://doi.org/10.24271/garmian.scpas12
Utami, E. S. (2016). Vertical Distribution Of Temperature And Dissolved Oxygen Related To Floating Cage Activitiy In Cirata Reservoir, West Java. IPB.
Utami, E. S., Hariyadi, S., Effendi, H., Kamal, M. M., & Bengtson, D. A. (2016). Vertical Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen Distribution Related to Floating Cage Activity in Cirata Reservoir, West Java. ASIAN-PACIFIC AQUACULTURE 2016.
Utami, E. S., & Ivan’s, E. (2022). Analisis unsur hara N dan P serta tingkat kemiripan antar Lokasi KJA dan Non KJA di Perairan Waduk Cirata, Jawa Barat. Open Science and Technology, 2(1), 33–40.
Walsby, A. E., Hayes, P. K., Boje, R., & Stal, L. J. (1997). The selective advantage of buoyancy provided by gas vesicles for planktonic cyanobacteria in the Baltic Sea. New Phytologist, 136(3), 407–417. https://doi.org/10.1046/J.1469-8137.1997.00754.X
Wei, Y., Ding, D., Gu, T., Xu, Y., Sun, X., Qu, K., Sun, J., & Cui, Z. (2023). Ocean acidification and warming significantly affect coastal eutrophication and organic pollution: A case study in the Bohai Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114380
Wetzel, R. G. (2001). Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems. Academic Press.
Widigdo, B., Pratiwi, N. T., Ayu, I. P., & Fitriani, A. (2020). Diversitas Komunitas Fitoplankton di Danau Hias Gold Coast, Pantai Indah Kapuk-Jakarta. Jurnal Pengelolaan Perikanan Tropis, 4(2), 59–65.
Yusuf, Z. H. (2020). Phytoplankton as bioindicators of water quality in Nasarawa reservoir, Katsina State Nigeria. Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, 32. https://doi.org/10.1590/S2179-975X3319
Zarauz, L., & Irigoien, X. (2008). Effects of Lugol’s fixation on the size structure of natural nano-microplankton samples, analyzed by means of an automatic counting method. Journal of Plankton Research (Oxford University Press), 30(11). https://doi.org/10.1093/PLANKT/FBN084
Ajayan, A. P., & Kumar, K. G. A. (2017). Phytoplankton as biomonitors: A study of Museum Lake in Government Botanical Garden and Museum, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala India. Lakes and Reservoirs: Research and Management, 22, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/lre.12199
APHA. (2012). Standard Methods for The Examination of Water and Waste Water. Second Edition. (2nd ed.).
Aristarkhova, E. A. (2013). Problem of ecological safety of aquatic environment in conditions of anthropogenic eutrophication. Technology Organic and Inorganic Substances, 5(4). https://doi.org/10.15587/2312-8372.2013.18276
Barbour, M. T., Gerritsen, J., Snyder, B. D., & Stribling, J. B. (1999). Rapid Bioassessment Protocols For Use in Streams and Wadeable Rivers: Periphyton, Benthic Macroinvertebrates, and Fish Second Edition (2nd ed.). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Bellinger, E. G., & Sigee, D. C. (2010). Freshwater Algae: Identification and Use as Bioindicators. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Brauer, V. . (2015). Growth and functioning of the microbial plankton community: effects of temperature, nutrients and light.
Buchanan, C. (2020). A Water Quality Binning Method to Infer Phytoplankton Community Structure and Function. Estuaries and Coasts, 43, 661–667. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-020-00714-3.
Desmawati, I., Ameivia, A., & Ardayanti, L. B. (2020). Studi Pendahuluan Kelimpahan Plankton di Perairan Darat Surabaya dan Malang. Journal of Science and Technology, 13(1), 61–66. https://doi.org/10.21107/rekayasa.v13i1.5918
Fujimoto, N., Fukushima, T., Inamori, Y., & Sudo, R. (1995). Analytical Evaluation of Relationship between Dominance of Cyanobacteria and Aquatic Environmental Factors in Japanese Lakes. Journal of Japan Society on Water Environment, 18, 901–908. https://doi.org/10.2965/JSWE.18.901
Gallon, J., Hashem, M. A., & Chaplin, A. E. (1991). Nitrogen fixation by Oscillatoria spp. under autotrophic and photoheterotrophic conditions. Microbioloy, 133(1). https://doi.org/10.1099/00221287-137-1-31
Goldman, C. R., & Horne, A. J. (1994). Limnology. Mc. Graw Hill Book Co.
Hamuna, B., Tanjung, R., Suwito, S., Maury, H., & Alianto, A. (2018). Kajian kualitas air laut dan indeks pencemaran berdasarkan parameter fisika-kimia di perairan Distrik Depapre, Jayapura. Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan, 16(1), 35–43. https://doi.org/10.14710/jil. 16.135 - 43
Hansen, H. . P., & Koroleff, F. (2007). Determination of nutrients. In Methods of Seawater Analysis (pp. 159–228).
Hinga, K. R. (1992). Co-occurrence of dinoflagellate blooms and high pH in marine enclosures. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 86, 181–187. https://doi.org/10.3354/MEPS086181
Hutabarat, S., & Evans, S. M. (1986). Kunci identifikasi zooplankton. UI Press.
Kopylov, A. I., Lazareva, V. I., Mineeva, N. M., & Zabotkina, E. A. (2020). Planktonic Community of a Large Eutrophic Reservoir during a Period of Anomalously High Water Temperature. Russian Academy of Sciences, 13(3), 339–348. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1995082920030086
Krebs, C. J. (1999). Ecological methodology. Benjamin Cummings.
Lampert, W., & Sommer, U. (2007). Limnoecology: The Ecology of Lakes and Streams (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
Landner, C. E. (1978). Eutrophication of lakes. Analysis Water and Air Pollution Research Laboratory Stockholm.
McGovern, T. (2006). Lake Water Quality Model with Focus on Cyanobacteria. WEFTEC, 6, 3910–3942. https://doi.org/10.2175/193864706783751348
Nõges, T., Anneville, O., Guillard, J., Haberman, J., Järvalt, A., Manca, M., Morabito, G., Rogora, M., Thackeray, S. J., Volta, P., Winfield, I. J., & Nõges, P. (2018). Fisheries impacts on lake ecosystem structure in the context of a changing climate and trophic state. J. Limnol, 77(1), 46–61. https://doi.org/10.4081/jlimnol.2017.1640
Nygaard, G. (1949). Hydrobiological Studies on Some Danish Ponds and Lakes. Part II: The Quotient Hypothesis and Some New or Little Known Phytoplankton Organism. Bianco Lunos Bogtrykkeri.
Odum, P. E. (1993). Dasar-dasar ekologi. Gadjah Mada University Press.
Palmer, C. M. (1969). A Composite Rating of Algae Tolerating Organic Pollution. J. Phycol., 5, 78–82.
Pratiwi, N. T., Hariyadi, S., Ayu, I. P., Iswantari, A., & Amalia, F. J. (2013). Komposisi Fitoplanton dan Status Kesuburan Perairan Danau Lido, Bogor-Jawa Barat Melalui Beberapa Pendekatan. BiologiIndonesia, 9(1), 111–120. https://doi.org/10.14203/JBI.V9I1.152
Prescott, G. W. (1970). The Fresh Water Algae. WMC Brown Company Publisher.
Prihantini, N., Wardhana, W., Hendrayanti, D., Widyawan, A., Ariyani, Y., & Rianto, R. (2008). Biodiversitas Cyanobacteria Dari Beberapa Situ/Danau Di Kawasan Jakarta-Depok-Bogor, Indonesia. Makara Journal of Science, 12(1), 44–54. https://doi.org/10.7454/MSS.V12I1.309
PriyaGopinath, T., & K.G, A. K. (2015). Micro Algal Diversity Of The Fresh Water Lake In Thiruvananthapuram District, Kerala. The International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Sciences.
Rahayu, S. M. (2017). Struktur Komunitas Fitoplankton Di Sungai-Sungai Yang Bermuara Di Teluk Jakarta. IPB.
Reynolds, C. S. (2006). The Ecology of Phytoplankton. Cambridge University Press.
Said, M. D. F. A., Kasim, M., & Salwiyah, S. (2024). Study of phytoplankton as bioindicators of organic matter pollution levels in the estuary of Kendari Bay waters. Jurnal Ilmu Kelautan SPERMONDE, 10(1), 10–17. https://doi.org/10.20956/jiks.v10i1.27330
Sano, M., Makabe, R., Matsuda, R., Kurosawa, N., & Moteki, M. (2022). Effectiveness of Lugol’s iodine solution for long-term preservation of zooplankton samples for molecular analysis. Plankton and Benthos Research, 17(4), 349–357. https://doi.org/10.3800/pbr.17.349
Sinambela, M., Simangunsong, M., & Harahap, A. (2023). Conditions Of Phytoplankton Community Structure InLake Toba Ajibata, Toba Samosir Regency. International Journal of Science and Environment, 3(2), 66–70. https://doi.org/10.51601/ijse.v3i2.68
Smith, V. H., Tilman, G. D., & Nekola, J. C. (1999). Eutrophication: impacts of excess nutrient inputs on freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems. Environmental Pollution, 100(1–3), 179–196.
Sugianti, Y., Anwar, M. R., & Krismono, K. (2015). Karakteristik Komunitas Dan Kelimpahan Fitoplankton Di Danau Talaga, Sulawesi Tengah. Limnotek, 22, 86–95.
Sulastri, C., Henny, S., Nomosatryo, Susanti, E., & Sulawesty, F. (2023). Monitoring planktonic cyanobacteria in Lake Maninjau, West Sumatra, Indonesia. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1260. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1260/1/012018
Tian, W., Zhang, H., Zhao, L., Zhang, F., & Huang, H. (2016). Phytoplankton Diversity Effects on Community Biomass and Stability along Nutrient Gradients in a Eutrophic Lake. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH14010095
Toma, J. J. (2019). Algae as indicator to assess trophic status in Duhok Lake, Kurdistan region of Iraq. Journal of University of Garmian. https://doi.org/10.24271/garmian.scpas12
Utami, E. S. (2016). Vertical Distribution Of Temperature And Dissolved Oxygen Related To Floating Cage Activitiy In Cirata Reservoir, West Java. IPB.
Utami, E. S., Hariyadi, S., Effendi, H., Kamal, M. M., & Bengtson, D. A. (2016). Vertical Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen Distribution Related to Floating Cage Activity in Cirata Reservoir, West Java. ASIAN-PACIFIC AQUACULTURE 2016.
Utami, E. S., & Ivan’s, E. (2022). Analisis unsur hara N dan P serta tingkat kemiripan antar Lokasi KJA dan Non KJA di Perairan Waduk Cirata, Jawa Barat. Open Science and Technology, 2(1), 33–40.
Walsby, A. E., Hayes, P. K., Boje, R., & Stal, L. J. (1997). The selective advantage of buoyancy provided by gas vesicles for planktonic cyanobacteria in the Baltic Sea. New Phytologist, 136(3), 407–417. https://doi.org/10.1046/J.1469-8137.1997.00754.X
Wei, Y., Ding, D., Gu, T., Xu, Y., Sun, X., Qu, K., Sun, J., & Cui, Z. (2023). Ocean acidification and warming significantly affect coastal eutrophication and organic pollution: A case study in the Bohai Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114380
Wetzel, R. G. (2001). Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems. Academic Press.
Widigdo, B., Pratiwi, N. T., Ayu, I. P., & Fitriani, A. (2020). Diversitas Komunitas Fitoplankton di Danau Hias Gold Coast, Pantai Indah Kapuk-Jakarta. Jurnal Pengelolaan Perikanan Tropis, 4(2), 59–65.
Yusuf, Z. H. (2020). Phytoplankton as bioindicators of water quality in Nasarawa reservoir, Katsina State Nigeria. Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, 32. https://doi.org/10.1590/S2179-975X3319
Zarauz, L., & Irigoien, X. (2008). Effects of Lugol’s fixation on the size structure of natural nano-microplankton samples, analyzed by means of an automatic counting method. Journal of Plankton Research (Oxford University Press), 30(11). https://doi.org/10.1093/PLANKT/FBN084
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04-06-2025
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Utami, E., & Fitrinawati, H. (2025). Status Kesuburan Berdasarkan Fitoplankton Di Perairan Danau Waren, Tual. Jurnal Pertanian Terpadu, 13(1), 13-28. https://doi.org/10.36084/jpt.v13i1.602
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