Dekomposisi Eceng Gondok (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) Menggunakan Bioaktivator, Maggot, dan Vermikompos untuk Pertanian Organik Berkelanjutan
Abstract
This study was conducted in Samarinda to assess the efficacy of bioactivators, maggots (Hermetia illucens), and vermicompost in accelerating the composting of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). A Randomized Completely Block Design was applied with six treatments: control without additives (E0), bioactivator (E1), maggot (E2), vermicompost (E3), maggot–bioactivator combination (E4), and vermicompost–bioactivator combination (E5), each replicated eight times (48 units). Variables measured included mass shrinkage, temperature dynamics, final pH, C/N ratio, macronutrient content (N, P, K), and organic Carbon. Data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by the LSD test at 0.05 significance. Bioactivator alone (E1) produced the highest peak temperature (64.29°C), indicating strong microbial activity, but resulted in a relatively high C/N ratio (26.88). Maggot treatment (E2) generated the greatest biomass reduction (56.25%) and the highest potassium level (6.05%), with a C/N ratio of 16.48. Vermicompost (E3) yielded more stabilized compost with a C/N ratio of 15.26. Notably, the combined bioactivator–maggot treatment (E4) produced the most mature and nutrient-rich compost, achieving the lowest C/N ratio (8.33) and the highest nitrogen content (1.98%). Meanwhile, the bioactivator–vermicompost combination (E5) produced a C/N ratio of 12.16. Overall, bioactivators enhanced thermophilic conditions, maggots improved biomass degradation and potassium enrichment, and vermicompost supported compost stabilization. Among all treatments, E4 emerged as the most effective strategy for producing high-quality compost efficiently, offering a sustainable approach for managing aquatic weeds and supporting organic agriculture.
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References
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Berhe, S. G., Seid, A., Tsegay, B. A., Sato, S., & Lule, G. Y. (2025). Effect of Charcoal on the Quality of Vermicompost Produced With Water Hyacinth and Cow Manure. The Scientific World Journal, 2025(1), 1086347. https://doi.org/10.1155/tswj/1086347
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Chen, K., Zhang, X., Li, G., Luo, W., Zhou, H., Shen, Y., & Nghiem, L. D. (2026). Mechanistic insights into nitrogen loss during food waste composting revealed by metagenomic and qPCR analyses under varying substrate C/N ratios. Bioresource Technology, 458, 135157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2026.135157
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Hutapea, A. R., & Siregar, D. J. S. (2023). Quality of Cow Manure Compost Using Effective Microorganism (EM4) and Black Soldier Fly (BSF) Fly Larvae (Maggot). International Journal of Research and Review, 10(2), 271–276. https://doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20230234
Ibro, M. K., Ancha, V. R., Lemma, D. B., & Pohl, M. (2024). Enhancing Biodegradability of Coffee Husk and Water Hyacinth Using Food Waste: Synergistic and Kinetic Evaluation Under Co-digestion. BioEnergy Research, 17(3), 1953–1970. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-024-10750-7
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Li, N., Zhang, Y., Shi, K., Zhang, Y., Sun, X., Wang, W., & Huang, X. (2022). Monitoring water transparency, total suspended matter and the beam attenuation coefficient in inland water using innovative ground-based proximal sensing technology. Journal of Environmental Management, 306, 114477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114477
Liu, Z., Yin, Q., Fang, Y., Zhang, X., Xia, W., Jiao, Z., Song, T., Wan, H., & Guo, T. (2024). Effect of exogenous thermophilic biocontrol agent inoculum on the high temperature chicken manure composting. Frontiers in Microbiology, 15, 1484047. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2024.1484047
Muche, M., Bitew, Y., Selassie, Y. G., Gezahegn, A., Addisu, S., & Sato, S. (2025). Synergistic Effects of Water Hyacinth Compost and Blended Mineral Fertilizers on Key Soil Properties and Bread Wheat Yield. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Environment, 4(1), e70054. https://doi.org/10.1002/sae2.70054
Nashrullah, M. F., Sofyan, E. T., Yuniarti, A., Sudirja, R., & Simarmata, T. (2025). Addressing Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) Problem through Composting: Exploring its Potential as a Organic Soil Amendment. Journal of Agriculture and Ecology Research International, 26(3), 33–42. https://doi.org/10.9734/jaeri/2025/v26i3673
Pradnya, I. N., Am, A. I., & Pradani, H. R. (2023). Effects of Eudrilus eugeniae Worms and Cow Manure on the Vermicompost Process of Household Organic Waste. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1203(1), 012052. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1203/1/012052
Rahimi, M., & Avazpour, L. (2024). Water Hyacinth: Ecological Resilience, Opportunities, and Threats in Integrated Management. 14th International Conference on Agricultural Science Environment Urban and Rural Development.
Ranawake, L., Jayaweera, C., & Amarasinghe, R. (2025). Optimizing the Ratio of Water Hyacinth, Cattle Manure, and Sawdust for the Optimum Physicochemical and Biological Properties of Compost. Journal of Food and Agriculture, 18(1), 15–35. https://doi.org/10.4038/jfa.v18i1.5335
Rehman, S. U., Castro, F. D., Aprile, A., Benedetti, M., & Fanizzi, F. P. (2024). Correction: Rehman et al. Vermicompost: Enhancing Plant Growth and Combating Abiotic and Biotic Stress. Agronomy 2023, 13, 1134. Agronomy, 14(6), 1256. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14061256
Sari, N. N., Abduh, A. M., Mulyawan, R., Ellya, H., Apriani, R. R., Nurlaila, N., Masganti, M., & Yusran, F. H. (2026). A Circular Bioresource Approach: Converting Water Hyacinth into Compost for Improved Soil Fertility and Yam Production in Tropical Wetlands. Agrikultura, 37(1), 197–206. https://doi.org/10.24198/agrikultura.v37i1.67916
Serafini, L. F., Arrobas, M., Rodrigues, M. Â., Feliciano, M., Miguens, F., Oliveira, V., Santos, D., Tuesta, J. L. D. D., & Gonçalves, A. (2025). The Composting of Water Hyacinth: A Life Cycle Assessment Perspective. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 16(1), 507–523. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-024-02677-z
Shifadjzic, K. (2025). Potential of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) as Compost and its Effect on Soil and Plant Properties: Review. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 08(02). https://doi.org/10.15680/IJMRSET.2025.0802003
Sierra-Carmona, C. G., Hernández-Orduña, M. G., & Murrieta-Galindo, R. (2022). Alternative Uses of Water Hyacinth (Pontederia crassipes) from a Sustainable Perspective: A Systematic Literature Review. Sustainability, 14(7), 3931. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073931
Sileshi, G. W., Stewart, Z. P., Odhong, J., Mhlanga, B., Amede, T., Aynekulu, E., Thierfelder, C., Marenya, P., Dittmer, K. M., Aliyu, K. T., Chikowo, R., Chiduwa, M., Ngoma, H., & Snapp, S. (2025). A review of organic inputs to inform soil health advice for African smallholder farmers: Localization matters. Npj Sustainable Agriculture, 3(1), 20. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44264-025-00063-3
Tibebe, D., Kassa, Y., Biru, B., Aregahagne, S., Jember, K., Fentie, T., Assefa, F., Moges, Z., & Ayele, H. S. (2025). Evaluating the nutrient content and heavy metal safety of water hyacinth-based compost: A sustainable solution for chemical fertilizer reduction and nutrient recycling in agriculture. Scientific African, 30, e02985. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02985
Udume, O. A., Abu, G. O., Stanley, H. O., Vincent-Akpu, I. F., & Momoh, Y. (2022). Impact of composting factors on the biodegradation of lignin in Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth): A response surface methodological (RSM) investigation. Heliyon, 8(9), e10340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10340
Wang, D., Lin, J. Y., Sayre, J. M., Schmidt, R., Fonte, S. J., Rodrigues, J. L. M., & Scow, K. M. (2022). Compost amendment maintains soil structure and carbon storage by increasing available carbon and microbial biomass in agricultural soil – A six-year field study. Geoderma, 427, 116117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2022.116117
Yang, H., Tan, T., Ren, G., Liu, Y., Liu, Z., Xia, S., Wu, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2025). The dual nature of water hyacinth (Pontederia crassipes): Environmental threats and sustainable solutions. Water Biology and Security, 4(3), 100359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watbs.2025.100359
Yanqoritha, N. (2023). Influence of Physico-Chemical and Bioactivators for Composting of Traditional Market Vegetable Waste. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 9(4), 1696–1704. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i4.3238
Zega, I. C., Mendrofa, Y. T., Mendrofa, E., & Ndraha, A. B. (2025). Pemanfaatan Eceng Gondok (Eichhornia Crassipes) dalam Meningkatkan Kesuburan Tanah. Flora : Jurnal Kajian Ilmu Pertanian dan Perkebunan, 2(1), 160–167. https://doi.org/10.62951/flora.v2i1.259
Zhang, J., Luo, Z., Li, N., Yu, Y., Cai, M., Zheng, L., Zhu, F., Huang, F., K.Tomberlin, J., Rehman, K. U., Yu, Z., & Zhang, J. (2023). Cellulose-degrading bacteria improve conversion efficiency in the co-digestion of dairy and chicken manure by black soldier fly larvae. Journal of Environmental Management, 348, 119156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119156
Abdillah, M. H., & Budi, I. S. (2021). Pembuatan dan Aplikasi Bahan Pembenah Tanah Pada Pertanian di Lahan Basah Sub-Optimal. Buletin Profesi Insinyur, 4(1), 23–28. https://doi.org/10.20527/bpi.v4i1.94
Amrul, N. F., Kabir Ahmad, I., Ahmad Basri, N. E., Suja, F., Abdul Jalil, N. A., & Azman, N. A. (2022). A Review of Organic Waste Treatment Using Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens). Sustainability, 14(8), 4565. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084565
Amuah, E. E. Y., Fei-Baffoe, B., Miezah, K., Sarpong, Y. A., Obiri-Danso, K., Sackey, L. N. A., & Kazapoe, R. W. (2026). Multidimensional modelling of compost quality integrating nutrient dynamics, energetics and pathogen inactivation. Results in Engineering, 29, 109821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2026.109821
Berhe, S. G., Seid, A., Tsegay, B. A., Sato, S., & Lule, G. Y. (2025). Effect of Charcoal on the Quality of Vermicompost Produced With Water Hyacinth and Cow Manure. The Scientific World Journal, 2025(1), 1086347. https://doi.org/10.1155/tswj/1086347
Canning, A. (2025). A Review on Harnessing the Invasive Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) for Use as an Agricultural Soil Amendment. Land, 14(5), 1116. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14051116
Chen, K., Zhang, X., Li, G., Luo, W., Zhou, H., Shen, Y., & Nghiem, L. D. (2026). Mechanistic insights into nitrogen loss during food waste composting revealed by metagenomic and qPCR analyses under varying substrate C/N ratios. Bioresource Technology, 458, 135157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2026.135157
Chen, Y., & Xu, Z. (2025). Water Hyacinth Invasion: Ecological Impacts, Control Strategies, and Future Management Approaches. Theoretical and Natural Science, 75(1), 146–150. https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/2024.LA19384
Dechassa, N., Bedada, S., Hundessa, N., Abera, T., Negewo, T., Bekele, G., Gella, D., Tola, B., Tufa, T., & Geremew, D. (2025). Water Hyacinth Management via Utilization as Composting Material in Ethiopia. International Journal of Agronomy, 2025(1), 9422881. https://doi.org/10.1155/ioa/9422881
DU, H.-Q., SUN, H., ZHOU, J., ZHONG, H., LI, X.-L., WU, S., PENG, F., TURNER, B. L., & LAMBERS, H. (2026). Microbial mechanisms enhancing soil phosphorus bioavailability through vermicompost application for sustainable agriculture. ENGINEERING Agriculture, 13(4), 26672. https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2026672
Geethakarthi, A. (2021). Novel Approaches Towards Sustainable Management of an Agricultural Residue—The Rice Husk. Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, 20(1), 349–355. https://doi.org/10.46488/NEPT.2021.v20i01.040
Gezahegn, A., Selassie, Y. G., Agegnehu, G., Addisu, S., Mihretie, F. A., Kohira, Y., Lewoyehu, M., & Sato, S. (2024). Sustainable weed management and soil enrichment with water hyacinth composting and mineral fertilizer integration. Environmental Challenges, 16, 101007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2024.101007
Hutapea, A. R., & Siregar, D. J. S. (2023). Quality of Cow Manure Compost Using Effective Microorganism (EM4) and Black Soldier Fly (BSF) Fly Larvae (Maggot). International Journal of Research and Review, 10(2), 271–276. https://doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20230234
Ibro, M. K., Ancha, V. R., Lemma, D. B., & Pohl, M. (2024). Enhancing Biodegradability of Coffee Husk and Water Hyacinth Using Food Waste: Synergistic and Kinetic Evaluation Under Co-digestion. BioEnergy Research, 17(3), 1953–1970. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-024-10750-7
Katiyar, R. B., Sundaramurthy, S., Sharma, A. K., Arisutha, S., Pratap-Singh, A., Mishra, S., Ayub, R., Jeon, B.-H., & Khan, M. A. (2023). Vermicompost: An Eco-Friendly and Cost-Effective Alternative for Sustainable Agriculture. Sustainability, 15(20), 14701. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152014701
Kulabako, R. N., Semiyaga, S., Tumwesige, R. S., Irumba, C., Opio, M. I., Manga, M., Tumwesige, V., Quintana-Najera, J., & Ross, A. B. (2025). Enhanced biogas production from water hyacinth and cow dung with wood and faecal sludge biochar. Energy Nexus, 17, 100342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexus.2024.100342
Li, N., Zhang, Y., Shi, K., Zhang, Y., Sun, X., Wang, W., & Huang, X. (2022). Monitoring water transparency, total suspended matter and the beam attenuation coefficient in inland water using innovative ground-based proximal sensing technology. Journal of Environmental Management, 306, 114477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114477
Liu, Z., Yin, Q., Fang, Y., Zhang, X., Xia, W., Jiao, Z., Song, T., Wan, H., & Guo, T. (2024). Effect of exogenous thermophilic biocontrol agent inoculum on the high temperature chicken manure composting. Frontiers in Microbiology, 15, 1484047. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2024.1484047
Muche, M., Bitew, Y., Selassie, Y. G., Gezahegn, A., Addisu, S., & Sato, S. (2025). Synergistic Effects of Water Hyacinth Compost and Blended Mineral Fertilizers on Key Soil Properties and Bread Wheat Yield. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Environment, 4(1), e70054. https://doi.org/10.1002/sae2.70054
Nashrullah, M. F., Sofyan, E. T., Yuniarti, A., Sudirja, R., & Simarmata, T. (2025). Addressing Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) Problem through Composting: Exploring its Potential as a Organic Soil Amendment. Journal of Agriculture and Ecology Research International, 26(3), 33–42. https://doi.org/10.9734/jaeri/2025/v26i3673
Pradnya, I. N., Am, A. I., & Pradani, H. R. (2023). Effects of Eudrilus eugeniae Worms and Cow Manure on the Vermicompost Process of Household Organic Waste. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1203(1), 012052. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1203/1/012052
Rahimi, M., & Avazpour, L. (2024). Water Hyacinth: Ecological Resilience, Opportunities, and Threats in Integrated Management. 14th International Conference on Agricultural Science Environment Urban and Rural Development.
Ranawake, L., Jayaweera, C., & Amarasinghe, R. (2025). Optimizing the Ratio of Water Hyacinth, Cattle Manure, and Sawdust for the Optimum Physicochemical and Biological Properties of Compost. Journal of Food and Agriculture, 18(1), 15–35. https://doi.org/10.4038/jfa.v18i1.5335
Rehman, S. U., Castro, F. D., Aprile, A., Benedetti, M., & Fanizzi, F. P. (2024). Correction: Rehman et al. Vermicompost: Enhancing Plant Growth and Combating Abiotic and Biotic Stress. Agronomy 2023, 13, 1134. Agronomy, 14(6), 1256. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14061256
Sari, N. N., Abduh, A. M., Mulyawan, R., Ellya, H., Apriani, R. R., Nurlaila, N., Masganti, M., & Yusran, F. H. (2026). A Circular Bioresource Approach: Converting Water Hyacinth into Compost for Improved Soil Fertility and Yam Production in Tropical Wetlands. Agrikultura, 37(1), 197–206. https://doi.org/10.24198/agrikultura.v37i1.67916
Serafini, L. F., Arrobas, M., Rodrigues, M. Â., Feliciano, M., Miguens, F., Oliveira, V., Santos, D., Tuesta, J. L. D. D., & Gonçalves, A. (2025). The Composting of Water Hyacinth: A Life Cycle Assessment Perspective. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 16(1), 507–523. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-024-02677-z
Shifadjzic, K. (2025). Potential of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) as Compost and its Effect on Soil and Plant Properties: Review. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 08(02). https://doi.org/10.15680/IJMRSET.2025.0802003
Sierra-Carmona, C. G., Hernández-Orduña, M. G., & Murrieta-Galindo, R. (2022). Alternative Uses of Water Hyacinth (Pontederia crassipes) from a Sustainable Perspective: A Systematic Literature Review. Sustainability, 14(7), 3931. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073931
Sileshi, G. W., Stewart, Z. P., Odhong, J., Mhlanga, B., Amede, T., Aynekulu, E., Thierfelder, C., Marenya, P., Dittmer, K. M., Aliyu, K. T., Chikowo, R., Chiduwa, M., Ngoma, H., & Snapp, S. (2025). A review of organic inputs to inform soil health advice for African smallholder farmers: Localization matters. Npj Sustainable Agriculture, 3(1), 20. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44264-025-00063-3
Tibebe, D., Kassa, Y., Biru, B., Aregahagne, S., Jember, K., Fentie, T., Assefa, F., Moges, Z., & Ayele, H. S. (2025). Evaluating the nutrient content and heavy metal safety of water hyacinth-based compost: A sustainable solution for chemical fertilizer reduction and nutrient recycling in agriculture. Scientific African, 30, e02985. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02985
Udume, O. A., Abu, G. O., Stanley, H. O., Vincent-Akpu, I. F., & Momoh, Y. (2022). Impact of composting factors on the biodegradation of lignin in Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth): A response surface methodological (RSM) investigation. Heliyon, 8(9), e10340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10340
Wang, D., Lin, J. Y., Sayre, J. M., Schmidt, R., Fonte, S. J., Rodrigues, J. L. M., & Scow, K. M. (2022). Compost amendment maintains soil structure and carbon storage by increasing available carbon and microbial biomass in agricultural soil – A six-year field study. Geoderma, 427, 116117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2022.116117
Yang, H., Tan, T., Ren, G., Liu, Y., Liu, Z., Xia, S., Wu, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2025). The dual nature of water hyacinth (Pontederia crassipes): Environmental threats and sustainable solutions. Water Biology and Security, 4(3), 100359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watbs.2025.100359
Yanqoritha, N. (2023). Influence of Physico-Chemical and Bioactivators for Composting of Traditional Market Vegetable Waste. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 9(4), 1696–1704. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i4.3238
Zega, I. C., Mendrofa, Y. T., Mendrofa, E., & Ndraha, A. B. (2025). Pemanfaatan Eceng Gondok (Eichhornia Crassipes) dalam Meningkatkan Kesuburan Tanah. Flora : Jurnal Kajian Ilmu Pertanian dan Perkebunan, 2(1), 160–167. https://doi.org/10.62951/flora.v2i1.259
Zhang, J., Luo, Z., Li, N., Yu, Y., Cai, M., Zheng, L., Zhu, F., Huang, F., K.Tomberlin, J., Rehman, K. U., Yu, Z., & Zhang, J. (2023). Cellulose-degrading bacteria improve conversion efficiency in the co-digestion of dairy and chicken manure by black soldier fly larvae. Journal of Environmental Management, 348, 119156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119156
Published
28-06-2026
How to Cite
Syaifudin, E., Akhsan, N., Suryana, S., Alisyahbana, A., & Farizki, S. (2026). Dekomposisi Eceng Gondok (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) Menggunakan Bioaktivator, Maggot, dan Vermikompos untuk Pertanian Organik Berkelanjutan. Jurnal Pertanian Terpadu, 14(1), 157-168. https://doi.org/10.36084/jpt.v14i1.771
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