Parameter Genetik, Analisis Lintas Komponen Agronomi dan Hasil untuk Seleksi Dini Gandum Tropis
Abstract
Domestic wheat development in tropical environments is crucial to reduce import dependency and strengthen national food security. Precision in early selection is a vital stage in identifying potential candidates based on their genetic diversity and agronomic performance. This study aims to analyze genetic parameters, causal relationships, and direct effects between traits, as well as to perform early selection of wheat genotypes in tropical conditions. A total of 30 wheat genotypes, consisting of 25 M2 mutant lines induced by gamma radiation and 5 check varieties, were evaluated using an augmented randomized complete block design (RCBD), with checks replicated in three blocks. The results showed broad genetic variability in agronomic, yield, and yield component traits, with very high broad-sense heritability observed for the 100-seed weight trait (99.10%). Path analysis confirmed that main panicle seed weight was the primary determinant of yield, exhibiting the most dominant positive direct effect (0.85) on the 100-seed weight component. Based on the multi-trait genotype-ideotype distance index (MGIDI) multivariate selection, eight superior genotypes were selected: G08, G21, G04, G16, G10, G02, G07, and G20, which possessed strength profiles closest to the theoretical ideotype. These elite genotypes represent a highly potential genetic basis for future sustainable wheat breeding programs to develop adaptive and high-yielding varieties in Indonesia
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References
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Ali, N., Hussain, I., Ali, S., Khan, N. U., & Hussain, I. (2021). Multivariate analysis for various quantitative traits in wheat advanced lines. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 28(1), 347–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.10.011
Altuhaish, A. A. K., & Yahya, S. (2014). Field adaptation of some introduced wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes in two altitudes of tropical agro-ecosystem environment of Indonesia. HAYATI Journal of Biosciences, 21(1), 31-38. https://doi.org/10.4308/hjb.21.1.31
Bayisa, M., Debeli, G., & Kasahun, C. (2025). Bread wheat consumption and its contribution to nutrition: A review of patterns, nutritional value, and policy implications [Preprint]. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202507.1135.v1
Beral, A., Rincent, R., Le Gouis, J., Girousse, C., & Allard, V. (2020). Wheat individual grain-size variance originates from crop development and from specific genetic determinism. PLoS ONE, 15(3), e0230689. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230689
Castro-Urrea, F. A., Urricariet, M. P., Stefanova, K. T., Li, L., Moss, W. M., Guzzomi, A. L., Sass, O., Siddique, K. H. M., & Cowling, W. A. (2023). Accuracy of selection in early generations of field pea breeding increases by exploiting the information contained in correlated traits. Plants, 12(5), 1141. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12051141
Fadli, M., Farid, M., Yassi, A., Nasaruddin, Anshori, M. F., Nur, A., & Suratman. (2021). Evaluation of the advanced yield trial on tropical wheat (Triticum aestivum) mutant lines using selection index and multivariate analysis. Biodiversitas, 23(1), 540-547. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d230158
Firmansah, H., Wahyu, Y., & Nur, A. (2024). Performance of convergent breeding wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) lines in the lowlands. Journal of Tropical Crop Science, 11(1), 9–18. https://doi.org/10.29244/jtcs.11.01.9-18
Ghazy, A., Romdhane, W. B., Alotaibi, M., Al-Doss, A., Dahrog, O., Al-Suhaibani, N., Al-Qurainy, F., & Al-Ashkar, I. (2025). Selection of suitable wheat genotypes under thermal stress and complex genotype-environment interaction using stability analyses and selection indices. PeerJ, 13, e20061. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.20061
Göçmen, D. B., Balkan, A., Bilgin, O., & Başer, İ. (2024). Changes for grain yield and spike characters in early segregating generations of bread wheat crosses. Ekin Journal of Crop Breeding and Genetics, 10(2), 77-84.
Grote, U., Fasse, A., Nguyen, T. T., & Erenstein, O. (2021). Food security and the dynamics of wheat and maize value chains in Africa and Asia. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 4, 617009. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2020.617009
Kalaitzidis, A., Kadoglidou, K., Mylonas, I., Ghoghoberidze, S., Ninou, E., & Katsantonis, D. (2025). Investigating the impact of tillering on yield and yield-related traits in European rice cultivars. Agriculture, 15(6), 616. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15060616
Khedwal, R. S., Chaudhary, A., Sindhu, V. K., Yadav, D. B., Kumar, N., Chhokar, R. S., Sharma, R. K., & Sharma, I. (2023). Challenges and technological interventions in rice-wheat system for resilient food-water-energy-environment nexus in north-western indo-Gangetic Plains: A review. Cereal Research Communications, 51, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42976-023-00355-9
Kuru, B., Menzir, A., & Kassa, M. (2025). Genetic parameters, association of traits and selection of durum wheat genotypes (Triticum turgidum L. Var. Durum) advanced lines at Injibara, Northwestern Ethiopia. Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment, 8(2), e70143. https://doi.org/10.1002/agg2.70143
Meier, C., Marchioro, V. S., Meira, D., Olivoto, T., & Klein, L. A. (2021). Genetic parameters and multiple-trait selection in wheat genotypes. Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical, 51, e67996. https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-40632021v5167996
Mezzomo, H. C., Casagrande, C. R., Azevedo, C. F., Bore, A., Barros, W. S., & Nardino, M. (2023). Genetic parameters and selection gain in tropical wheat population via Bayesian inference. Ciência Rural, 53(7), e20220043. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20220043
Mmbando, G. S. (2025). Tiller number: An essential criterion for developing high-yield and stress-resilient cereal crops. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 71(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2025.2464662
Mutanda, M., Figlan, S., Chaplot, V., Madala, N., & Shimelis, H. (2024). Selection of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes using yield components, water use efficiency and major metabolites under drought stress. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 210(4), e12766. https://doi.org/10.1111/jac.12766
Olivoto, T., & Lúcio, A. D. (2020). Metan: An R package for multi-environment trial analysis. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 11(6), 783–789. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.13384
Olivoto, T., & Nardino, M. (2021). MGIDI: Toward an effective multivariate selection in biological experiments. Bioinformatics, 37(10), 1383–1389. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btaa981
Öztürk, İ., Şen, A., Kılıç, T. H., & Şili, Ş. (2020). Selection of advanced mutant wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) lines based on yield and quality parameters. Turkish Journal of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, 7(1), 87-95. https://doi.org/10.30910/turkjans.680019
Pradhan, S., Babar, M. A., Robbins, K., Bai, G., Mason, R. E., Khan, J., Archibald, E. R., & Murphy, J. P. (2019). Understanding the genetic basis of spike fertility to improve grain number, harvest index, and grain yield in wheat under high temperature stress environments. Frontiers in Plant Science, 10, 1481. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.01481
Priyanto, S. B., Efendi, R., & Zainuddin, B. (2023). Genetic variability, heritability and path analysis for agronomic characters in hybrid maize. Jurnal Kultivasi, 22(1), 26-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/kultivasi.v22i1.38807
Regmi, S., Poudel, B., Ojha, B. R., Kharel, R., Joshi, P., Khanal, S., & Kandel, B. P. (2021). Estimation of genetic parameters of different wheat genotype traits in Chitwan, Nepal. International Journal of Agronomy, 2021, 6651325. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6651325
Riyanto, A., Oktaviani, E., Wulansari, N. K., & Haryanto, T. A. D. (2024). Genetic parameters of yield component and yield in M1 rice (Oryza sativa L.) generation irradiated with gamma-ray. Jurnal Kultivasi, 23(2), 154-161. https://doi.org/10.24198/kultivasi.v23i2.55129
Sattar, A., Nanda, G., Singh, G., Jha, R. K., & Bal, S. K. (2023). Responses of phenology, yield attributes, and yield of wheat varieties under different sowing times in Indo-Gangetic Plains. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14, 1224334. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1224334
Silva, C. M. E., Mezzomo, H. C., Ribeiro, J. P. O., Freitas, D. S. D., & Nardino, M. (2023). Multi-trait selection of wheat lines under drought-stress conditions. Bragantia, 82, e20220254. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4499.20220254
Supriadi, D., Bimantara, Y. M., Zendrato, Y. M., Widaryanto, E., Kuswanto, & Waluyo, B. (2026). Associations and multi-traits selection for identifying superior and stable maize hybrids (Zea mays L.) under tropical regions. Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 41(1), 17-31. https://doi.org/10.20961/carakatani.v41i1.107896
Tareque, A. M. M. M. U., Hassan, L., Habib, M. A., Nayak, S., & Robin, A. H. K. (2025). Estimation of genetic parameters in hybrid and F2 generations of aromatic fine rice for breeding improvement. BMC Plant Biology, 25(1), 1080. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-025-07155-9
Vieira, R. A., Nogueira, A. P. O., & Fritsche-Neto, R. (2025). Optimizing the selection of quantitative traits in plant breeding using simulation. Frontiers in Plant Science, 16, 1495662. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2025.1495662
Yamini, V., Singh, K., Antar, M., & El Sabagh, A. (2025). Sustainable cereal production through integrated crop management: A global review of current practices and future prospects. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 9, 1428687. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2025.1428687
Al-Ashkar, I., Sallam, M., Almutairi, K. F., Shady, M., Ibrahim, A., & Alghamdi, S. S. (2023). Detection of high-performance wheat genotypes and genetic stability to determine complex interplay between genotypes and environments. Agronomy, 13(2), 585. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13020585
Ali, N., Hussain, I., Ali, S., Khan, N. U., & Hussain, I. (2021). Multivariate analysis for various quantitative traits in wheat advanced lines. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 28(1), 347–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.10.011
Altuhaish, A. A. K., & Yahya, S. (2014). Field adaptation of some introduced wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes in two altitudes of tropical agro-ecosystem environment of Indonesia. HAYATI Journal of Biosciences, 21(1), 31-38. https://doi.org/10.4308/hjb.21.1.31
Bayisa, M., Debeli, G., & Kasahun, C. (2025). Bread wheat consumption and its contribution to nutrition: A review of patterns, nutritional value, and policy implications [Preprint]. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202507.1135.v1
Beral, A., Rincent, R., Le Gouis, J., Girousse, C., & Allard, V. (2020). Wheat individual grain-size variance originates from crop development and from specific genetic determinism. PLoS ONE, 15(3), e0230689. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230689
Castro-Urrea, F. A., Urricariet, M. P., Stefanova, K. T., Li, L., Moss, W. M., Guzzomi, A. L., Sass, O., Siddique, K. H. M., & Cowling, W. A. (2023). Accuracy of selection in early generations of field pea breeding increases by exploiting the information contained in correlated traits. Plants, 12(5), 1141. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12051141
Fadli, M., Farid, M., Yassi, A., Nasaruddin, Anshori, M. F., Nur, A., & Suratman. (2021). Evaluation of the advanced yield trial on tropical wheat (Triticum aestivum) mutant lines using selection index and multivariate analysis. Biodiversitas, 23(1), 540-547. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d230158
Firmansah, H., Wahyu, Y., & Nur, A. (2024). Performance of convergent breeding wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) lines in the lowlands. Journal of Tropical Crop Science, 11(1), 9–18. https://doi.org/10.29244/jtcs.11.01.9-18
Ghazy, A., Romdhane, W. B., Alotaibi, M., Al-Doss, A., Dahrog, O., Al-Suhaibani, N., Al-Qurainy, F., & Al-Ashkar, I. (2025). Selection of suitable wheat genotypes under thermal stress and complex genotype-environment interaction using stability analyses and selection indices. PeerJ, 13, e20061. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.20061
Göçmen, D. B., Balkan, A., Bilgin, O., & Başer, İ. (2024). Changes for grain yield and spike characters in early segregating generations of bread wheat crosses. Ekin Journal of Crop Breeding and Genetics, 10(2), 77-84.
Grote, U., Fasse, A., Nguyen, T. T., & Erenstein, O. (2021). Food security and the dynamics of wheat and maize value chains in Africa and Asia. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 4, 617009. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2020.617009
Kalaitzidis, A., Kadoglidou, K., Mylonas, I., Ghoghoberidze, S., Ninou, E., & Katsantonis, D. (2025). Investigating the impact of tillering on yield and yield-related traits in European rice cultivars. Agriculture, 15(6), 616. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15060616
Khedwal, R. S., Chaudhary, A., Sindhu, V. K., Yadav, D. B., Kumar, N., Chhokar, R. S., Sharma, R. K., & Sharma, I. (2023). Challenges and technological interventions in rice-wheat system for resilient food-water-energy-environment nexus in north-western indo-Gangetic Plains: A review. Cereal Research Communications, 51, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42976-023-00355-9
Kuru, B., Menzir, A., & Kassa, M. (2025). Genetic parameters, association of traits and selection of durum wheat genotypes (Triticum turgidum L. Var. Durum) advanced lines at Injibara, Northwestern Ethiopia. Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment, 8(2), e70143. https://doi.org/10.1002/agg2.70143
Meier, C., Marchioro, V. S., Meira, D., Olivoto, T., & Klein, L. A. (2021). Genetic parameters and multiple-trait selection in wheat genotypes. Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical, 51, e67996. https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-40632021v5167996
Mezzomo, H. C., Casagrande, C. R., Azevedo, C. F., Bore, A., Barros, W. S., & Nardino, M. (2023). Genetic parameters and selection gain in tropical wheat population via Bayesian inference. Ciência Rural, 53(7), e20220043. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20220043
Mmbando, G. S. (2025). Tiller number: An essential criterion for developing high-yield and stress-resilient cereal crops. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 71(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2025.2464662
Mutanda, M., Figlan, S., Chaplot, V., Madala, N., & Shimelis, H. (2024). Selection of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes using yield components, water use efficiency and major metabolites under drought stress. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 210(4), e12766. https://doi.org/10.1111/jac.12766
Olivoto, T., & Lúcio, A. D. (2020). Metan: An R package for multi-environment trial analysis. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 11(6), 783–789. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.13384
Olivoto, T., & Nardino, M. (2021). MGIDI: Toward an effective multivariate selection in biological experiments. Bioinformatics, 37(10), 1383–1389. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btaa981
Öztürk, İ., Şen, A., Kılıç, T. H., & Şili, Ş. (2020). Selection of advanced mutant wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) lines based on yield and quality parameters. Turkish Journal of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, 7(1), 87-95. https://doi.org/10.30910/turkjans.680019
Pradhan, S., Babar, M. A., Robbins, K., Bai, G., Mason, R. E., Khan, J., Archibald, E. R., & Murphy, J. P. (2019). Understanding the genetic basis of spike fertility to improve grain number, harvest index, and grain yield in wheat under high temperature stress environments. Frontiers in Plant Science, 10, 1481. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.01481
Priyanto, S. B., Efendi, R., & Zainuddin, B. (2023). Genetic variability, heritability and path analysis for agronomic characters in hybrid maize. Jurnal Kultivasi, 22(1), 26-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/kultivasi.v22i1.38807
Regmi, S., Poudel, B., Ojha, B. R., Kharel, R., Joshi, P., Khanal, S., & Kandel, B. P. (2021). Estimation of genetic parameters of different wheat genotype traits in Chitwan, Nepal. International Journal of Agronomy, 2021, 6651325. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6651325
Riyanto, A., Oktaviani, E., Wulansari, N. K., & Haryanto, T. A. D. (2024). Genetic parameters of yield component and yield in M1 rice (Oryza sativa L.) generation irradiated with gamma-ray. Jurnal Kultivasi, 23(2), 154-161. https://doi.org/10.24198/kultivasi.v23i2.55129
Sattar, A., Nanda, G., Singh, G., Jha, R. K., & Bal, S. K. (2023). Responses of phenology, yield attributes, and yield of wheat varieties under different sowing times in Indo-Gangetic Plains. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14, 1224334. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1224334
Silva, C. M. E., Mezzomo, H. C., Ribeiro, J. P. O., Freitas, D. S. D., & Nardino, M. (2023). Multi-trait selection of wheat lines under drought-stress conditions. Bragantia, 82, e20220254. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4499.20220254
Supriadi, D., Bimantara, Y. M., Zendrato, Y. M., Widaryanto, E., Kuswanto, & Waluyo, B. (2026). Associations and multi-traits selection for identifying superior and stable maize hybrids (Zea mays L.) under tropical regions. Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 41(1), 17-31. https://doi.org/10.20961/carakatani.v41i1.107896
Tareque, A. M. M. M. U., Hassan, L., Habib, M. A., Nayak, S., & Robin, A. H. K. (2025). Estimation of genetic parameters in hybrid and F2 generations of aromatic fine rice for breeding improvement. BMC Plant Biology, 25(1), 1080. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-025-07155-9
Vieira, R. A., Nogueira, A. P. O., & Fritsche-Neto, R. (2025). Optimizing the selection of quantitative traits in plant breeding using simulation. Frontiers in Plant Science, 16, 1495662. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2025.1495662
Yamini, V., Singh, K., Antar, M., & El Sabagh, A. (2025). Sustainable cereal production through integrated crop management: A global review of current practices and future prospects. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 9, 1428687. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2025.1428687
Published
28-06-2026
How to Cite
Zendrato, Y., Kurnia, T., & Panarai, G. (2026). Parameter Genetik, Analisis Lintas Komponen Agronomi dan Hasil untuk Seleksi Dini Gandum Tropis. Jurnal Pertanian Terpadu, 14(1), 121-134. https://doi.org/10.36084/jpt.v14i1.754
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